Orbital velocities in spiral galaxies , instead of declining with increasing distance from the galactic center , flatten out to a constant value , as predicted by mond 螺旋星系中的轨道速度并不会随著离开星系中心的距离增加而不停降低，它会平缓下来成为一固定值。
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How fast an object revolves depends on how much matter inside its orbit . if all the matters are visible , the orbital velocities of stars , say , near the edge of our galaxy will follow the red line below . however , we discovered that they are moving faster than expected , hence there must be more matters than we have seen 天体的公转速度，取决于在它轨道内的物质的总质量，如果所有物质都是看得见的，那么绕著银河系旋转的轨道，理应如红线所示，但是天文学家却发觉它们比想像中走得更快，暗示银河系的质量比所见的大。
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Second , the imaging model built here has taken into account the tilt modulation , the hydrodynamic modulation , and current modulations of radar cross section . consequently , it has realized the imaging simulation of four kinds of wakes with the same imaging model . third , the orbital velocity of ocean wave was considered as the basic dynamic factor , and the imaging model calculates the influence on raw data by the wave m ovement according to the orbital velocity 该模型的主要特点是： ( 1 )它采用了三尺度复合表面模型的思想来计算海面的电磁散射，考虑了中等尺度波对纹波的进一步调制作用，弥补了传统双尺度模型的不足； ( 1 )它考虑了海浪的倾斜调制作用、流体动力调制作用和流场对雷达截面的调制作用，实现了用统一的仿真模型对四种舰船尾迹特征进行成像仿真； ( 3 )它把海面长波的轨道速度作为基本的动态成分，并依此来考虑海面运动对sar回波信号的影响。
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